The Medieval Era - 1778 Words

Tyler Sun December 14, 2014 Prof. Sparks HUMN 220 Chartres Cathedral The Medieval Era was one with explosive cultural and architectural growth across almost all of Europe. One of the places that experienced this the most was in France. With all of the radical changes happening in France, there was a huge emphasis on religion and as a result the Chartres Cathedral was created. The town of Chartres officially became a bishopric in the 4th century, and as with any bishopric the cathedral was the most awesome and large building in the city. Everything was built around this massive cathedral; the local shops, fairs, and other commodities of city life. Not only was this building a testament to the creative ability of the architects, it was a location for holy pilgrimage. According to tradition, Chartres Cathedral has housed the tunic of the Virgin Mary since 876. The relic was said to have been given to the cathedral by Charlemagne, who received it as a gift during a trip to Jerusalem. Because of this relic, Chartres has been a very important pilgrimage cen ter and the faithful still come from all over the world over to honor it. The present cathedral is one of several French Gothic masterpieces built because fire had destroyed its predecessors. The town itself was already a destination for holy pilgrimages, however on a significantly smaller scale pre-production. Before the Chartres Cathedral was built and the tunic of the Virgin Mary was placed there, it was believed that thereShow MoreRelatedMedieval Vs. Medieval Era1506 Words   |  7 PagesThe Medieval, or Middle, Ages in Europe have often been called the Dark Ages, since they seem to have been lacking in many ways. However, the Church was always shining the light of the Gospel in even the darkest of places. â€Å"In the very bosom of this doomed society, a power remained which was capable of giving meaning to the drama, of bringing order out of disorder, of integrating the Barbarians into civilization and of using their youthful energies to restore the world to vigor and heal th. ThisRead MoreThe Medieval And Renaissance Era719 Words   |  3 Pagespaper, we’re going to address the fundamental changes in the Medieval and Renaissance era over those hundreds of years, especially concerning architecture, in which brought us to our present. The Medieval and Renaissance eras significantly altered the history not only through philosophy but through art and architecture as well in which was the aftermath of such evolution in beliefs and values. As there were non stop wars throughout the Medieval period, people were more concerned with the safety of theirRead MoreWomen During The Medieval Era Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesWomen withstood a multitude of limitations in the medieval era. Due to the political, social, and religious restrictions women encountered, historians neglected to realize that they demonstrated agency. The female experience is something that has been overlooked until recently. Unfortunately, without the knowledge of how women found ways to exert their power, we are experiencing a deficit of knowledge in this period. Through the close examination of the primary sources: The Gospel of Mary, Dhouda’sRead MoreThe Medieval Era Essay example1014 Words   |  5 PagesThe Medieval Era The Medieval era is so easily generalized into the three orders of those who fight, those who work, and those who pray, or even simply divided into the privileged and unprivileged. These distinctions are important, for the ability of the church and manor to influence a peasants actions and to take a peasants earnings was obviously a central component of a peasants life. However, when peasants constituted such a sizable majority of the population (overRead MoreLife in the Medieval Era Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesLife in the Medieval Era Living in the medieval time period was not as glamorous as it is often portrayed; peasants and serfs led hard lives, however, kings, lords, and knights lived lavishly and at the expense of those under them. In this paper you will read about all of these lifestyles, as well as the castles in which these lords and kings lived in. Mainly castle designs, fortifications, and siege tactics will be revealed to you; yet there are several sections, dealing with the lifestylesRead MoreEssay on The Punishments of the Medieval era1244 Words   |  5 PagesThe Punishments of the Medieval Era When Shakespeare was born in 1564, Queen Elizabeth had taken power a mere 6 years prior, and her justice system was very different from ours. In this paper, I hope to explore some of the ways punishments were different, such as how many crimes had individual punishments, often times depending on how severe the crime was. I will also go in-depth to one of the most infamous cases of the medieval period. Imprisonment was very rare. If you were in jailRead MoreCultural Influence Of The Early Medieval Era1570 Words   |  7 Pagesfor new types of artwork to be produced. Artwork during the Early Medieval era, Romanesque era, and Gothic era demonstrates how local and imported ideas intermingle to produce new things. In order to fully express the idea of cultures integrating local ideas with ideas of other cultures to form new artworks, focusing specifically on architecture will allow for the theme to be fully justified. During the dynamic Early Medieval era, which dates back to 500-1000 BCE, European identity was developedRead MoreModern Food During The Medieval Era1331 Words   |  6 PagesFood is an essential need in order to survive. Medieval food took a turn during the Middle Ages. Different foods were put in groups to be consumed according to the social rank of individuals. Noble’s diets would be unquestionably different than the peasants. Religion also played a sign ificant role on food during the Medieval Times. People celebrated large banquets and feasts during this Era. During the Medieval Era, there was a difference in food that was consumed by the rich and poor. The dietRead MoreThe Age Of Europe During The Medieval Era1717 Words   |  7 PagesBetween the years 500 A.D. and 1400 A.D., a time referred to as the Middle Ages occurred in Europe. This era began as the Roman Empire collapsed, following the disorder that occurred because of the destruction of the Romans. During this dark time, there was much disorder. Eventually, this time period led to the rise of feudalism, the immense power of the Roman Catholic Church, and many advancements in architecture, literacy, and art. The variety of events that occurred in this period allowed historiansRead MoreEssay Islamic Science in the Medieval Era2580 Words   |  11 PagesThere are many terms used to describe the period after the fall of Rome and before the Renaissance, three main terms being the Middle, Medieval, and Dark Ages. In general, these terms are used interchangeably, but are these fair s ubstitutions? In recent years the term â€Å"Dark Ages† is becoming less and less acceptable as a phrase which describes the span of years it is meant to refer to. The use of the term â€Å"dark† implies a period of stagnation, which is becoming a questionable concept. In particular

I Have Chose to Become a Multimedia Artist - 1147 Words

For my career choice, I have chosen Multimedia Artist. My reason for choosing this career is because I love drawing and playing video games, and with a career like this, I can be able to design, program, and create my own video games while getting to do what I like. I already familiar with a few graphic design programs such as Photoshop and Illustrator. With this job I could use these programs to make my ideas come to life. Multimedia Artists require a bachelor’s degree in education. They make decent pay, have multiple job opportunities, employment range that is high, and work in offices and studios. In order to obtain a job like this, education is required. In high school it, if you are interested in getting a job like this, it would be best for you to take as many art and design courses as you can. â€Å"Computer classes are also helpful, mainly classes that teach page layout programs or art and photography manipulating programs† (Fergusons 75). In college you will at least be required to have a bachelor’s degree in order to get the job. A bachelor’s degree of fine arts program at a four year college may include courses such as principles of design, art history, painting, mechanical drawing, sketching and constructing. Academy of Art University is one of many places that offer these courses. Students that graduate from the Academy of Art University will have a solid grasp o n the fundamental game art principles, including knowledge of game engine technology and preproductionShow MoreRelatedThe Art and Methods Used in KIMSOOJA Unfolding Essay947 Words   |  4 PagesKorean artists, Kimsooja’s works is based on fabrics that were sewn out of colorful clothing from thread and ink. Recently when I went at the show KIMSOOJA Unfolding, Vancouver Art Gallery, I got to see many remarkable textile works made by her, it seemed very beautiful seeing the whole segment of the gallery decorated with her colorful textile works. The artist has collected Korean clothing fragments for making collage works using geometric compositions. Kimsooja is a new generation artist who abandonedRead MoreCareer Path Of Visual Communication Design Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pagesan artist,† a phrase I have heard nonstop from family, friends, and just about everyone growing up. A phrase I constantly told myself while trying to pick my major when I made the big transition in going to college. Coming from a family of doctors, veterinarians, and other various medical careers, it was almost unheard of to pursue a career in the arts. I explored business, advertising, teaching, and many other careers, but in the end, I decided to place happiness over wealthiness and I chose toRead MoreWhat Is Modern Dance And Who Says What Is Dance?1591 Words   |  7 Pageswhat is dance? Throughout the decades dancers and artists have used this question to push the boundaries and limitations on what is considered dance. Some did this by ch anging the setting of a dance while others did this by making changes to what can be incorporated into a dance. A great example of a famous choreographer who changed the way others viewed dance was Alwin Nikolais. Alwin Nikolais was born in Connecticut in 1910 and as a young artist studied acting, music, and puppetry. InterestinglyRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On The Internet And Multimedia Authoring Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesCOM414: The Internet and Multimedia Authoring Assignment 2 Web site Student Name: Michael McElhatton (B00685386) URL: for site http://scisweb.ulster.ac.uk/~bis15mem/XcelEnts%20-%20Assignment%202/Main.html URL: for work files http://scisweb.ulster.ac.uk/~bis15mem/XcelEnts%20-%20Assignment%202/ Creation of logo (Video) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzYoSUhIZsofeature=youtu.be â€Æ' CONTENTS 1. The Site 3 1.1. Executive Summary 3 1.2. How the Site was Created 4 1.3. CorporateRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluenced tremendously by mass media it seems as if it has become a necessity in life. Nine DVDs worth of data per person every day is the amount of all media delivered to consumers whether it be visual or auditorial on a daily basis. As consumers and technology develop that number will continue to increase because of the multi-tasking abilities that will be created (Zverina 13). The hold media has on society happens so often and has become so normalized that humanity just doesn’t respond to the conditioningRead More Reflection Paper on Heard Around the Common2354 Words   |  10 PagesCommon† I had a variety of goals for taking â€Å"Designing and Producing Media for Education.† First, I wanted to learn theories of multimedia design, specifically for educational purposes, and then have the opportunity to immediately apply those learnings to a hands-on production process. Second, I wanted the chance to interact with other educational media designers, such as Harvard’s TIE students. While there are many designers and media theorists at MIT, I don’t have as many opportunitiesRead MoreEssay about Music, Radio and Teens2934 Words   |  12 Pagesthat, it branched off to Rock and Roll. From Rock and Roll it went to Motown and Soul Music. Motown and Soul eventually turned into Funk and Disco. After that era was finally over, Dance music and Rap found its origin. All of these styles of music have ties to Rhythm and Blues. These styles are only the mainstream styles. Rhythm and Blues can also be traced in forms of Country and Western, Gospel Music and Jazz. Rhythm and Blues was also ground breaking in the sense that it involved instrumentsRead MoreCircue Du Soleil7560 Words   |  31 Pagesthey had scouted out some promising performers. Cantin considered whether she should make a detour to Peru. Had she seen enough artists already? Even if there were good possibilities in Peru, was she fresh anymore to evaluate them? Could she trust someone else to go and evaluate them in her stead? Cirque used to need 50 new artists every two years. Now it needed 100 artists every year. How would it handle the growth and keep the shows and the staff fresh? How would it keep the magic? Cantin wonderedRead MoreWhy Do Entreprenuers Need Public Relations?5111 Words   |  21 Pagesare innovators and have a purpose in what they do with their occupation to have an effect on lives. Their bright ideas help bring income to make a living off of the product. Public relations are a big asset to an entrepreneur because they create opportunities for them and others. Such as charities to help children and the elderly, also they get introduced to businesses and as well be the face of them for the companies. Overall, the entrepreneurs just want to be successful and have their hands on opportunitiesRead MoreTerm Paper - Dreams3514 Words   |  15 PagesOUTLINE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DREAMS Thesis: The occurrence of dreams is associated with our memories and experiences which can help us find out more about ourselves. I. Introduction A. Definition of Dreams†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 B. The Cause of Dreams†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...2 II. Body A. Dream Associations 1. Dreams and Memories†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 2. Dreams and Ourselves†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....3 B. Dream Theories 1. Robert’s Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 2. Yves Delage’s Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Business Skills and Management Laying the Foundations

Questions: 1. What is the companys net profit before tax for the previous month? 2. What is the net profit before tax in the current month if no discount is offered? 3. What is the maximum discount percentage that the company can offer? Explain how you get this figure? 4. Using your model, show what the downpayment and monthly instalment are for a customer who is interested in the Mazda hatchback? 5. Financial Consultants have advised that one should not spend more than 15% of the monthly income on paying the monthly instalment. If you earn $90,000 a year, which car(s) in the above stock can you consider buying? 6. This question requires you to conduct a literature search and comment on research papers or books or publications by reputable organisations. Note that articles from newspapers and popular magazines and blog sites are not permitted? Answers: 1. Profit and Loss Account Particulars Amount ($) Amount ($) Sales Toyota 250000 Honda 120000 Mazda 90000 460000 Cost of goods sold Toyota 220000 Honda 90000 Mazda 60000 370000 Gross profit 90000 Operating Expenses Sales Staff 800 Shop Rentals 14000 Admin overhead 12000 Miscellaneous expenses 7000 33800 Net Profit before tax 56200 2. Profit and Loss Account Particulars Amount ($) Amount ($) Amount ($) Amount ($) % Change in price Sales Toyota 250000 250000 0.00% Honda 120000 120000 0.00% Mazda 90000 460000 90000 460000 0.00% Cost of goods sold Toyota 220000 220000 0.00% Honda 90000 90000 0.00% Mazda 60000 370000 60000 370000 0.00% Gross profit 90000 90000 0.00% Operating Expenses Sales Staff 800 920 15.00% Shop Rentals 14000 19000 35.71% Admin overhead 12000 13200 10.00% Miscellaneous expenses 7000 33800 7000 40120 18.70% Net Profit before tax 56200 49880 -11.25% 3. The maximum amount of discount, which can be offered by the company, is 5% on the total amount of sales. The reason behind this is that the company aims to increase its sales revenue by ultimately increasing its number of units to be sold in the market. The monthly expenses is projected to increase with rent for both outlets is about to increase by 2000 and 3000 respectively. Along with this, there are certain other expenses which is scheduled to increase by 15% however, in order to retain the same number of selling units the company is anticipated to offer a discount of 5% to boost its sales revenue. 4. Car Name Mazda HatchBack INPUT Current Date 01-03-2017 OUTPUT CEO Expiry Date 25-11-2017 Price $ 38,000.00 Down payment $ 12,666.67 No. Of Months 8.97 Annual Interest Rate 2.78% Monthly Payment $ 2,799.31 5. Annual Income $ 90,000.00 OUTPUT Monthly Income $ 7,500.00 Maximum EMI $ 1,125.00 Car Selection choice Purchase this Car 6. Management by wandering around emphasises on the significance of interpersonal contact open appreciation and recognition. It is understood as the most important procedure of creating civility and performance in the organisation or workplace[1]. It is understood that the modern workplace are of varied types and the administrative were positive to identify their individuals in order to appreciate their effort and make them more noticeable and available. The basic principles of the MWA states that the command and control is considered as unproductive in the current organisation. Nothing is more informative than considering what originally transpires in the actual world and education from that. Management by walking can be considered as the technique, which stood around during the test of time that can be put into use by any manager[2]. The learning provide that management by wandering around demands private indulgence, good listening skills and the identification which most individuals in a workplace aspires to contribute to its accomplishment. It cannot be forced and may not be charade. It works only if an individual displays genuineness and courteousness by authentically being interested in staff and their work. Study says that the quality of enhancement programs that ask forfrontier workers notions such as management by wandering around can lead to a valuable effect on the organisational results. Learning suggest that management by walking around is understood as the great method of establishing relationships with all its employees. This helps in developing a sense of accountability among the managers by displaying their employees that they are approachable and interested in them[3]. It is noteworthy to management by wandering about can help in boosting up the morale and productivity. Under the given case study, Funtastic PreOwned Cars Pty Ltd faces an imperative to improve the quality of its business operations. Management by wandering around can be applied on the company in the following ways; Adding up MWA to the routine: In the primary stages the employees may feel uncomfortable when the managers starting dropping at the work place. However, if it is done on regular basis it becomes the part of their routine[4]. Varying the time and dates: MWA is highly effective when the managers execute it as the part of their fixed schedule. It should be viewed positively that it helps in connecting on the personal degree with the employees. Treating employees equally: Treating the employees equally will help in spending with one group instead of spending more time in meeting with another group. Asking for suggestion: This can be regarded, as the time display the staff with the manager of Funtastic PreOwned Cars Pty Ltd is ready to receive suggestions and new ideas[5]. Prioritizing problems: One of the processes of prioritizing the problems would help in addressing the issues that causes or possess the possibleof causinghugeinterruptions. A high worth prioritization approach assist in ranking the problems in accordance with the value score by solving the highest valued problems[6]. Reference Becker, Ethan F.Experience of a direct report when given performance review feedback by managers: A case study. Diss. CAPELLA UNIVERSITY, 2016. Doh, Jonathan P., and Narda R. Quigley. "Responsible leadership and stakeholder management: Influence pathways and organizational outcomes."The Academy of Management Perspectives28.3 (2014): 255-274. Hope, A. (2016). Laying the foundations: Developing future leaders and managers capacity to contribute to sustainable development. Laloux, Frederic.Reinventing organizations. Nelson Parker, 2014. Mayo, A., Nitin Nohria, and Mark Rennella.Entrepreneurs, managers, and leaders: What the airline industry can teach us about leadership. Springer, 2016. Mohan, A. Chandra, and J. A. B. Miranda. "Commandments of Communication Skills of Effective Vs Successful Managers in the Corporate World."International Journal of Applied Engineering Research9.16 (2014): 3157-3174. [1]Hope, A. (2016). Laying the foundations: Developing future leaders and managers capacity to contribute to sustainable development. [2]Mohan, A. Chandra, and J. A. B. Miranda. "Commandments of Communication Skills of Effective Vs Successful Managers in the Corporate World."International Journal of Applied Engineering Research9.16 (2014): 3157-3174. [3]Mayo, A., Nitin Nohria, and Mark Rennella.Entrepreneurs, managers, and leaders: What the airline industry can teach us about leadership. Springer, 2016 [4]Doh, Jonathan P., and Narda R. Quigley. "Responsible leadership and stakeholder management: Influence pathways and organizational outcomes."The Academy of Management Perspectives28.3 (2014): 255-274. [5]Laloux, Frederic.Reinventing organizations. Nelson Parker, 2014. [6]Becker, Ethan F.Experience of a direct report when given performance review feedback by managers: A case study. Diss. CAPELLA UNIVERSITY, 2016.

Lam Ang free essay sample

Biag ni Lam-Ang story is about a boy who was very extraordinary. He started to talk at a very young age and he is the one who choose his name. The characters in the story were of course Lam-Ang the magical one and his love interest the beautiful Ines Kannoyan. His father named Don Juan who goes to the Igorots Tribe to punish those people. And his loving mother named Namongan who deny that his son is powerful and gifted. The rest is sumarang his rival and sarindang the one who tried to seduce him. The story was all happened somewhere in Valley of Naguilian River in La Union. The adventure began when Lam-Ang started to search for his father who went in a battle but never came back. When he reached the place he was enraged by what he sees his father’s head was on the top of the bamboo. We will write a custom essay sample on Lam Ang or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Upon returning home, he passed a river named Amburayan River. When he dips his body in the water the fishes died because of his dirt. Upon reaching his home he decided to court his love interest Ines Kannoyan the daughter of the richest man in Kalanutian. On his way to Kalanutian he met his rival sumarang they quarreled but Lam-Ang won the heart of Ines because he amazed all the people by his magical pets. After sometime the headman reminded Lam-Ang about their tradition that he had to catch the giant fish called Berkakan. Unfortunately, Lam-Ang was swallowed by the shark and died. But with help of his magical pets Lam-Ang resurrect again. The story was magical and interesting. Magical in a part where his pets take some actions and something will happen. Story was interesting because there are some parts in the story that was impossible to happen in real life.

The Comparison of the Characters of Eleonora and Tia Roma

Brunelleschis dome and the Greek Pantheon

Brunelleschis dome and the Greek Pantheon Free Online Research Papers Although Brunelleschi never duplicated classical features, he borrowed ideas from the ancient ruins and incorporated them into the desighn of his dome† (1). When a revival of classical styles became popular, new edifices in the classical style were built alongside or added to buildings of older styles. This is how the renaissance revived the classical past. The Ancient Greek Pantheon has a long history and has undergone extensive damage and restoration. The Greek Pantheon is divided into two distinct architectural sections, having height and diameter of equal dimensions. At the top of the dome is an opening, through this opening is the only way external light may enter. The Ancient Greek Pantheon used heavier material at the bottom and lighter materials at the top, this produced a self-buttressing system. The dome of the Ancient Greek Pantheon was heavy and was made out of solid concrete. It is the largest non reinforced concrete dome. The gothic masons that worked on the Ancient Greek Pantheon â€Å"built with pointed arches to create vaults that were reinforced with ribs† (2). Also during the time when the Ancient Greek Pantheon was constructed the masons used tall granite columns. This type of column was used in a lot of classical styles. In looking at the measurements of the ancient greek pantheon the whole interior would fit exactly within a cube. Also the height of the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same. These things show that ancient roman units of measurement are used, and almost certainly had symbolic meaning, â€Å"either numerical, geometric, or lunar† (3). The symbols here show the peoples worshipping of a higher power. The cathedrals 44 windows also have a symbolic meaning. The construction of the dome on top of the cathedral of Florence marks the begining of Renaissance architecture. The cathedral of Florence was built over many years as well. Filippo Brunelleschi traveled to Rome to study the classical construction of arches and columns, and incorporated his findings in his studies into the dome on top of the cathedral of Florence. In the mass sacristy the chamber has inlaid wood panels by Florentine masters of the 15th. Century. The artists used linear perspective that was invented in the early 1400s. Brunelleschi’s dome was 45 meters wide, and was originally made out of wood. The usual way to build arches or domes in these times was to use scaffolding. Brunelleschi made the decision to build his dome without scaffolding, in a way that it would support itself similar to the Pantheon. Even today 600 years after it was built the dome is still the tallest building in Florence. In conclusion you can see the same type of construction methods in both the pantheon and the dome. Such as the way both structures were built to be self supporting. Both structures are meant to be places of worship and have very specific measurements and symbols of worship and of a higher power. The pantheon and the dome are built on land that is raised higher than the land around it and both structures have stairs leading to them. The pantheon holds the record for the largest non reinforced concrete dome and the dome of Brunelleschi is the tallest building in Florence to this day. As you can see a lot of the quality’s and ideas of the classical style is apparent in the dome and the dome was the mark of the start of the renaissance. We could admire the pantheon for all its wonder and history and for the time that it was constructed, we can admire the dome for its new outlook on the classical style either way we stand back in awe. Research Papers on Brunelleschi's dome and the Greek PantheonMind TravelCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThree Concepts of PsychodynamicRiordan Manufacturing Production Plan19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Principles of Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Principles of Economics - Essay Example The recession that began in 2007 was caused by the ‘sharp downturns’ in the housing, stock and labor markets. This resulted to changes in the global economy as well. The recession led to increased inflation, high interest rates, high rates of unemployment, contraction of the economy and reduced consumer confidence. Finally, interest rates was the main contributing factor to the recession as banks offered low interest rates causing the demand for loans and mortgages to increase which contributed to the skyrocketing levels of inflation in the past five years. Strategies that the federal government could implement that would encourage people to spend more money Decisions made by the federal government have a profound impact on peoples spending which in turn affects the employment activities in the economy. The first policy that can be employed by the government is through supporting economically competitive areas. As a result, this increases the income levels in such commun ities thereby increasing their level of spending. This move will lead to a reduction of costs across regions and improve the overall environmental, housing and transportation needs. Examples of such initiatives include the EPA’s Smart Growth Program and the HUD’s Sustainability Office both aimed at improving the living standards of the citizens (Smart Growth America, 2013). The second policy is by putting in place a mechanism that ensures an accountable and safer transportation system to promote efficient trade thereby creating job opportunities. Examples of policies that support this include the Complete Street Act and the Clean, Low-Emission, Affordable, New Transportation Efficiency Act (Smart Growth America, 2013). A Situation in the Past 50 years in which the Government Used Anti-Trust Policies to Stop a Monopoly from Occurring The best example of such a situation is the Microsoft Corporation case that is regarded as the most recent situation where the anti- trust law has been applied accordingly. The law is based on universal ethics consideration and the Microsoft Corporation is said to have violated it as it failed to establish the effects of its outstanding success on its competitors and society in general (Mankiw, 2007). One thing is certain, although the company may have had ethical issues; their innovations have totally changes technology in the world. The justice department strongly believes that the company used monopoly in operating system software to eliminate its rivals and establish dominance in the market. In the long- run this will have detrimental effects on the consumers resulting from fewer choices and less competition. The government points out that Microsoft has undertaken in actions to promote its Windows monopoly which violates the anti- trust laws. The government also maintains that the company has used its market leadership to monopolize the internet browsing software market. In addition to, the company is said to have violated the anti- competitive acts (Mankiw, 2007). The company’s defense is based on the fact that it is simply trying to develop its products and that its activities are and there is no basis of consumer indignation being claimed by the government. In conclusion, Microsoft Corporation has been facing the anti- trust legislation for a couple of years now. It has been observed that this may have led to some sought of restrained trade

The income gap between the rich and the poor in China Research Paper

The income gap between the rich and the poor in China - Research Paper Example Over the last decade, China has exceeded the Gini coefficient index threshold by 0.4 close to the warning level given by the United Nations (Cai, 128). This article analyzes the extent of the income disparity in China between the rich and the poor, it cause and effect and the plausible solutions to this problem. Research has shown that income disparity in China between the rich and the poor have continued to increase since 1978 when China opened it boundaries for trade with the rest of the world. According to the China national bureau of statistics, the standard income earning of the 10% richest people in china was 10.9 times higher compared to that of the 10% poorest in the year 2009. In 1985, the figure was just 2. 9 times ((Anon, 148). It can be seen that the gap between the poor has thus increased incredibly. Since 1978 when China opened it door to international trade, per capital income has increased unbelievably. For instance, within the period of 1985 to 2010, the per capital income has increased by 55 times. This has however come from the urban area with the rural area experiencing lesser growth. The earning gap between the rural and city dwellers had reduced from 2.6 to 2.5 times in the 1970 and from 2.3 to 1.9 times in the 80s. However, it widened to 3.3 times in 2009. This is disregarding the fact that there are some social amenities such as good roads, health care house subsidies and other amenities enjoyed by the city dweller which are not available to the rural people further increasing the disparity (Cai, 130). This thus implies that the disparity many even be more than six times larger. The major obstacle in overcoming the income disparity issue is because the affluent have a greater opportunity of increasing their wealth compared to other people. For instance, from 1985 to 2010, the rich recorded a 38 fold increase in their earnings; the people in the middle class register a 21fold increase while the poor only

Green Tree City Case Study (Question 3 only) Assignment

Green Tree City Case Study (Question 3 only) - Assignment Example This entails ensuring good packing and entry for clients and all other users of the building. The accessibility of the building also ensures easy and quick evacuation and rescue operations in time of attacks as well as other disaster like fire and floods (National Research Council, 2001). This makes the accessibility of a building a main concern for owners as it forms a factor in elevating the number of people rescued during rescue operations and increases the building’s safety. The other concern for a building owner is ensuring the building is leased to known parties as a means of reducing chances of leasing arts of the building to terrorists who can cause bombings like in the case study. The person renting, therefore, has to provide documentation and a stated use for the building or art of the building leased. The main reason for this is that the owner has the authority in deciding the lease agreement, hence has the responsibility. The other concern of the owner entails limiting the points of entry to a building as a way to limit unauthorized access to the building. The measures for this include use of not less than eight feet fence along the perimeter, slowing of incoming vehicles through design of the road, use of high security lights protected by wire, to avoid tampering and improve lighting, and the use of anti-ram devices (U.S. Department Security & Federal Emergency Agency, 2013). The importance of these measures includes increased standoff protection against driving in with unwanted materials including bombs and explosives. Limiting access to ventilation system to only authorized personnel also reduces instances of using ventilation systems as channels to spread explosives by terrorists. The erection of electronic security detection devices in all doors and entrances to the building forms the other concern of the owner. Use of glass break censors and closed-circuit cameras surveillance is another securi ty

Danone company in India analysis

Danone company in India analysis In early 1900s a small yogurt producing factory with a vision to reach its scrumptious yogurts in every part of the world was started in Barcelona, Spain. Later Danone entered the biscuit industry in 1986 by buying General Biscuit and in 1989 it added to its portfolio of biscuit brands by acquiring Nabiscos European subsidiaries  [1]  . Later Danone began aggressively venturing globally and took over 40 acquisitions in Asia, Latin America, Central Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. The Globalization vision would have been futile if Danone Group would have not entered Indian market where 1/6th of the world population resided. It took 7 decades for Danone to reach India with an immense hope of stabilizing its brand through a joint venture with Wadia group. Together they took over 51 percent holding of Indias leading biscuit manufacturer, Britannia Industries Limited. Danone did foresee this venture as a potential growth for one its core business lines of biscuits. Along with stre ngthen its biscuit portfolio, it saw strategical entry of the other two businesses of dairy products and beverages (specifically water). Antoine Riboud founder of Danone stated during unveiling of the companies from BSN to Danone that We wanted our name to be an added source of momentum for the global expansion that is now our priority. The food industry has in the past treated markets as discreet entities separated from each other by the culinary traditions of countries or regions, but it is now caught up in the same swing to globalization as others. This is because not only tastes, but also distribution and media are becoming just as global (Franck, 1996). Antoine Riboud and his successor Franck Riboud knew that they had to develop a response to this allegation by entering the Indian market to strengthen the growth of its biscuits, dairy products and beverages. However Danones association with its joint venture persuaded a change of strategy which eventually restructured its core business line and future actions. However, Danone stayed consistent with its priority of expansion globally and considering India to be important nation to pursue its vision. About Danone Group The Danone Group is a multinational food products company and currently consists of four principal business lines namely fresh dairy products, bottled water, baby nutrition and medical nutrition. Danones fresh dairy products sector represents 60% of the group sales according to 2009 report making it the number one company in fresh dairy products. The two lines of probiotic dairy products named as Actimel and Activia are the most accepted products of Danone [refer exhibit 2]. As for the other business lines, the bottled waters and baby nutrition products were ranked number two in the world and its medical nutrition products as number one in European market (Press Pederson, 2000). The Globalization strategy of Danone products commenced in early 1990s. Before entering India, Danones major business lines consisted of fresh dairy, biscuits, glass containers and beer [refer exhibit 3]. Based on world rankings in 1995, Danone was categorized as the world seventh largest food group, and the pioneer in fresh dairy products and biscuits. It was also ranked as number two in pasta, beer and glass containers. In May 1997 Franck Riboud announced the adoption of a new company strategy focusing on three core business areas namely dairy products, biscuits, and beverages (specifically water and beer)in which the company had global leadership [refer exhibit 1]. These areas also represented 85 percent of group sales (Press Pederson, 2000). Background In far far away land a small cookie making factory was started and K. Ranjan Pillai sobriquet as Biscuit King was crowned in the late 1980s. The throne of Mr. Pillai resided with Britannia Industries Ltd (BIL), which was a pioneer in Indian Biscuit Industry. However the reign of the Biscuit King soon got over, as the 43-year old Biscuit-King was pleaded guilty to the charge and admitted he had authorised the release of the companys funds to pay debt incurred by two of his cashew-trading firms. The biscuit tycoon was sent to Tihar Central Jail of India in 1995 and whose death in the same year closed what  the Economic Times  referred to as one of Indias most dramatic corporate sagas (Padmakshan, 2007). This closed the case of Rajan Pillai, however opened its empire and assets for auction. Group Danone grabbed this opportunity and entered the Indian market by establishing a joint venture with oldest Indian conglomerate Wadia Group. A marriage of two diverse entities was formed giving birth to two equal joint venture companies, UK registered Associated Biscuits International Holdings Ltd in 1992 and Wadia BSN in 1995. The Groupe Danone and Wadia together hold 50.96% in Britannia through Associated Biscuits International Ltd. The ABI Holdings, was a 50:50 JV between Groupe Danone and Wadia group. Nusli Wadia owner of the Wadia Group took over as a chairman for Britannia and Sunil Alag was appointed as the Managing Director. Sunil Alag was known as the Danone man as he was instrumental for Danone to join hands with Wadia. This new entity, Wadia BSN India, was meant to manufacture and sell food products and beverages in India, covering all Danone products, but the venture did not move. As per the Wadia BSN agreement signed in 1995, in case of a deadlock between the partners, Danone is obliged to buy all the shares of the Wadia group at a `fair market value. This agreement does not include Britannias holding firm, ABIH which has a separate agreement signed in 1992 and is subject to the British law (Chatterjee, 2007). Expect the unexpected On 29th June 2007, the French dairy major, Group Danone formally initiated arbitration proceedings to end its partnership with the Mumbai based Wadia group. The 15 years of foray came to an end leading to speculations of Danones growth in India. Eight days before the final declaration of end of relation of Danone and Wadia group the shares  of Danone on 21st June 2007 fell by 1.1 percent, to 57.42 Euros in Paris as Frances benchmark CAC 40 stock index dropped 1 percent (Saikat Ladka, 2007). Danone Secretary General,  Philippe-Loic Jacob said that We are addressing the current issues with our Indian partner, and this was a priority as Danone wished to continue developing its activities in India. It was revealed by both parties that this discontinuation was advantageous to both parties as Danone was no longer interested in the biscuits business line globally. Whereas The Wadia group having increased its stake in Britannia gained an opportunity to focus on its core business of Bisc uits. Britannias core business was always biscuits, where it enjoyed 38 percent in value and about 32 percent in volume in 2007 (Babu, 2007). Further, the Rs 6,500-crore  [2]  organised biscuit market in India was growing at 14-16 per cent per annum (Archana Rai, 2003). Issue 1: 2001 On 27th October 2001, Britannia formed a joint venture with Fonterra Co-operative Group of New Zealand, the worlds largest milk company, to explore the potential for dairy products (www.businessweek.com, 2009). Britannia took this stand even though it was associated with one of the most powerful leaders of dairy products-Danone. Fonterra was among the ten biggest dairy companies in the world and had integrated process where it included every part of the chain from procurement of milk to value-added products such as cheese and buttermilk (Krishnan, 2002). This was unlike as that of Danone who did market dairy products such as yoghurt, cheese and desserts. Issue 2: 2003 On June 04, 2003, Sunil Alag was ousted as a CEO, but it was claimed that Danone was not informed until the last minute. There were speculations that Nusli Wadia had realized that outsiders were seeing Britannia as a one man show and Mr. Alag was its face. Alagh took all the critical operational decisions and had shaken up a company associated with staid biscuit brands-like Goodday, Marie and Bourbon-by launching Pure Magic and Tiger (Archana Rai, 2003). Mr. Alag had a support from Danone as he was a strong link between the two companies.. Apart from being a successful CEO, Alagh was also flashy, flamboyant, with friends among the Page 3 crowd in Bangalore, Mumbai and Delhi. So its likely that he helped his friends in some way, as is common with most Indian CEOs. To oust Alagh, Wadia devised the idea of the audit report, the logic being Danone would not support a corrupt CEO (Archana Rai, 2003). An internal audit report, which was recently leaked to the media, did find that Alagh pro bably favoured ad agencies, media houses and ngos run by his friends. Other claims were that Wadia wanted to have a say in the company and eventually get his son, Jeh, on board (Archana Rai, 2003). Mr Alagh, 56, joined Britannia in 1974 and has been MD CEO for over a decade (Chakravarty Kurian, 2009). Issue 3: In June, 2006:  Danone registered the Tiger trademark in over 70 countries without prior consent  [3]  . Due to this Britannia demanded royalty from Danone for use of Tiger brand that was registered under them. The tiger brand was the strongest brand of Britnannia which corporate to 20% of the companys revenue  [4]  . To this Danone also asked Britannia for royalties for using its trademark recipes for Britannias product Little Hearts. Issue 4: In November, 2006 the Wadias dragged Groupe Danone to court over the French company picking up a minority stake in a Bangalore based bio-nutritional foods company Avestha Gengraine Technologies, through its subsidiary Daninvest.com SA (Sangameshwaran, 2007). This was in violation of the governments Press Note 1, 2005, which requires a foreign company to obtain the consent of its Indian joint venture partner before pursuing an independent business in a similar area  [5]  . Actions to be India The allegation of not informing Danones partner for picking up minority stakes of Avestha Gengraine Technologies was denied by Danone. A letter dated 10th May 2007 was sent to the Indian Government that it is not a joint venture with Britannia and its 25 percent shareholdings in the biscuit company is a joint venture with wadia group ABIH through UK and not India (Chakravarty, 2007). Hence, Danone claimed that it dint have any direct joint venture in India and hence the Press Note 1, 2005 was not applicable to them. However, to this the government repeatedly told Danone that it would require no objection certificate as per the press note regulation governing the joint venture between domestic and foreign market (Chakravarty Kurian, 2009). Shortly within few months, Danone had to address a court case in September 2007, for allegedly usurping the intellectual property rights (IPR). Vinita Bali the new managing director of Britannia, said: Danone paid 220 million rupees as fee for usin g the Tiger brand  [6]  . However, to this Danone asked Britannia to pay royalty for using its trademark recipe the brand Little Hearts. However this claim was turned around as Britannia had obtained Danones approval for it and was authorized to sell it elsewhere. Ironically the exchange of technical co-operation and intellectual property was approved during Sunil Alaghs tenure as Britannia CEO, who was known to share a good rapport with the Danone top brass (Vijayraghavan, 2007).  On April 14, 2009, Groupe Danone officially exited Britannia Industries by selling its entire 25.48 per cent interest to a Wadia Group company, Leila Lands, which indirectly held a similar stake in the biscuit firm  [7]  . In 2007, Danone sold its global biscuit business to Kraft Foods for à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬5.3 billion, enabling the American company to add the portfolio to its Nabisco cookies and crackers  [8]  . Danone position now in India Group Danone is now particularly keen on focusing on the dairy products in India. The Danone India, the firms fully-owned subsidiary in India, will manage the dairy and baby foods business, the water business will be managed separately through a new joint venture (JV) with Narang Hospitality Services, which is the distributor for Evian in India. Group Danone is particularly keen on the baby nutrition segment, especially after its $17 billion acquisition of Dutch firm Royal Numico, which made it Europes largest player in the baby foods category and the second-largest in the world after Nestle. According to Yakult group (http://yakult.co.in/), In 2005 Yakult Danone India (P) Ltd was formed with a joint venture between Yakult Honsha, Japan and Group Danone of France. The 50:50 Joint venture Yakults probiotic drink was launched in December 2007  [9]  . Conclusion Danones main motive to enter Indian market was to seek potential growth for its products. Indian market being complex and diverse, the best option Danone predicted was through Joint Venture. However Danone when coming out of the Indian joint venture certainly learnt about the social environment, consumer behaviour and organizational cultures in India. With this it also got aware factors of strategic asset seeking. The trail and turbulence in the Indian market undoubtedly lost focus of the firms orientation where its earlier core business was of Biscuits, Dairy products and beverages. However during its reign in India Danone completely mislaid its establishment in biscuit sector and ended up having its new portfolio of nutrional and baby products instead of biscuits. In 2007 it swapped its world number 2 position as producer of cereals and biscuits  for the same position in baby foods, having sold the biscuits division to  Kraft Foods  [10]  . The 15 years of learning also all owed Danone to change from its diversification strategy to being focused in its Business line. According to Comment/ Jarrell (1995) companies with decrease diversification show better result in the market. This is eventually being true with Danone, however adding its risk due to focused diversification. As observed in the case study, Danone did foresee growth in India. Also as per the Global Competitveness report [Exhibit 5] India ranked second in world which showed huge opportunity for the Danones growth. Danone assumed that the even though perceived distance of India and France and opposite, its establishment in India through joint venture would minimize any complexity. Moreover unperceived rules, regulations and laws of Indian company made the Danones existence in India more complex. However, one of the profound complexity Danone faced was adapting to the managements working ethics. India corruption index is more than double to that of France. Positioning the French company as not to be affected by the political sway was challenging. Lastly the Power Distance Index (PDI) according to Hoftedes model shows that India had higher power index than the France. The higher PDI states that there is unequality of power and acceptance of rule by higher authority. This lead to monopoly in the Indian joint venture by giving rise to diverging and setting of incoherent rules. However, the French had lower power index than India, stating that challenging and opposing inequality was within them. Eventually this was perceptible and which lead French Danone to break its joint venture with the Indian partner. Appendix Exhibit 1 Consolidated sales report according to business lines in 1995 Source: http://www.danone.com/images/pdf/10_danone.pdf Exhibit 2 Best sellers of Danones dairy range: Actimel and Activia Exhibit 3 DAIRY PRODUCTS: Bledina SA; Danone GmbH (Germany; 99.9%); Danone SA (Argentina; 99.5%); NV Danone SA (Belgium); Danone SA (Brazil); Danone Inc. (Canada); Danone SA (Spain; 55.7%); Danone Kft (Hungary); Danone SpA (Italy; 99.7%); Danone de Mexico SA de CV; Danone Sp zoo (Poland); Danone Portugal SA (52.8%); Danone A/S (Czech Republic; 95.1%); Danone Clover SA (South Africa; 66.8%); The Dannon Company (U.S.A.; 89%); Galbani (Italy; 90%). Beverages: Aguas de Lanjarà ³n (Spain; 78.5%); Aguas Minerales (Argentina; 50%); Alken-Maes (Belgium; 99.6%); Birra Peroni Industriale (Italy; 24.4%); Evian; Font Vella SA (Spain; 77.8%); Italaquae SpA (Italy; 91%); Kronenbourg; Mahou SA (Spain; 33.3%); San Miguel (Spain; 80.5%); Volvic. Biscuits: Bagley SA (Argentina; 91%); Bolshevik (Russia; 72.8%); Danone Cokolà ¡dovny A/S (Czech Republic; 49.1%); Danone SA (Brazil); Griesson-De Beukelaer GmbH Co.KG (Germany; 40%); Heudebert; Irish Biscuits (Ireland); The Jacobs Bakery Ltd (U.K.); LU; LU Benelux (Belgique) (Belgium; 99.6%); LU Benelux (Pays-Bas) (Netherlands; 99.6%); LU Espaà ±a (Spain); Papadopoulos (Greece; 60%); Saiwa SpA (Italy). OTHER: HP Foods Ltd (U.K.); BSN Emballage (44%); Amoy Food Ltd (Hong Kong; 90.3%); PT Aqua Golden Mississippi (Indonesia; 36.1%); Britannia Brands (Malaysia) SDN BHD (90.3%); Britannia Industries Ltd (India; 18.4%); Calpis Ajinomoto Danone Co Ltd (Japan; 25%); Continental Biscuits Ltd (Pakistan; 44.7%); Griffins Foods Ltd (New Zealand; 90.3%); Hangzhou Wahaha Co. Ltd (China; 41%); Shanghai Danone Biscuits Foods Co. Ltd (China; 54.2%); Shenzhen Danone Health Drinks Co. Ltd (China; 54.2%); Tangshan United European Haomen Brewery Co. Ltd (China; 63.2%); Wuhan Euro Dongxihu Brewery Co. Ltd (China; 54.2%); Danone International Brands Paris; Great Brands of Europe. Exhibit 4 The controversial tiger brand Exhibit 5 Source: Global competitiveness report, world economic forum (2009-2010) Link: https://members.weforum.org/pdf/GCR09/GCR20092010fullreport.pdf Exhibit 6 Source: Corruption Perception Index (2010) Link: http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results

Nine Learning Experiences Ages 3-5 Essay

To advance physical and intellectual competence I provide numerous activities to enhance these qualities in the children that I teach. In the area of physical, my goal is to make sure the students are given many possibilities to participate in large motor activities daily. I make this fun by joining them while they are playing. I encourage them to do activities that encourage running and jumping. We play tag, hide and seek, and their favorite game â€Å"Mr. Fox what time is it†. When the weather does not permit us to go outside we have free play inside the gymnasium. We are able to use tricycles, play basketball, and build using pipes and blocks. We also do a unit on how to keep our bodies healthy. This is where we get the parents involved so they can learn what they can do at home with their children. We send home a chart that gives them opportunities to be physically active and they turn this chart in at the end of the unit. Then as a class we discuss what we did with our families. To promote intellectual activities I provide numerous materials that they can use and I rotate them occasionally so they are not bored with it. For example, in our art center the children are exposed to many different types of materials. They have various types of paper and paints as well as recycled material that they can use to sculpt their own art. Our class is also exposed to music of many different cultures. We play music throughout the day and one day a week we have a music class outside of our classroom. As a preschool teacher I keep up with what is new and promote these findings during our learning experiences. I provide many avenues for children to find who they are and respect who others are.

How does the author successfully engage the interest

How does the author successfully engage the interest of the reader in the relationship between Cooke and veronica and her way of life? By Maya_hunched How does the author successfully engage the interest of the reader in the relationship between Cooke and veronica and her way of life? The writer starts of by setting the background of the story † we had grown up together† this gibes us an idea of their relationship and how close they were as children.Veronica grew up to a poor family and so did Cooke but veronica's family as even poorer â€Å"her family had been even poorer than mine† this gives the reader an impression of how poor they were and saying veronica was even poorer shows how harsh the conditions were. Veronica grew up to an abusive father, Cooke describes he as â€Å"brute† meaning he was evil. This shows us Just how bad her father was.Cooke was every caring and compassionate towards Veronica † I helped her fetch water from the stream and oc casionally chopped firewood† Cooke was like veronica's only fatherly figure as her dad was never around to treat her like a daughter, the only wing keeping him from protecting her was his fear of her father â€Å"night after night I would lie awake listening to her screams, cursing myself for my own physical inadequacy' this shows he was unable to help.Veronica was very loyal to everyone in her life not Just her family, when Cooke left to go to school they were still friends Neuronal and I remained friends† she was always happy and Ignored the fact her life was not a good one â€Å"she was always pleased to see me† Veronica never got the opportunity to go to school and was curious about It UT was never Jealous of Cooke â€Å"she asked me endless questions about school and the town and what I was going to be when I grew up† she was happy for Cooke and his successes. She never seemed to new me mine† this shows she was content with her life even though she had nothing to be happy about, she didn't have loving parents to take care of her or and education nor did she have and money. Veronica and Cooke always met by the river â€Å"the day before I left we met by the stream† The river is very symbolic, the river indicates life moving on.Veronica had ere limited opportunities and Cooke new that â€Å"not that she was likely to meet any as long as she remained where she was† She wasn't educated meaning she will not meet a man Cooke was concerned about her â€Å"you can go to school and become a secretary' Veronica had no one that would ever give her advice Cooke was the only person who treated her Like she should have been. L snapped a twig and threw It very symbolic, it is met to be showing Cooke and veronica as the stick and the river as life moving on. When Cooke snaps the stick it means they were on and now he is boning on in life when she is staying where she was and is never going to get anywhere where as Cooke is allowing the river to take him places. Cooke moved on but veronica was still a part of him â€Å"l never forgot veronica† how could he forget her?After all veronica had grown up with him and been a part of his childhood. Cooke eventually returned to the village for work â€Å"on the day I left I had to force her to accept a present of some money. It was as much as I could afford, but not as much as I would have liked to have been able to give her† Cooke offers her charity, he has o force her to take it this shows veronica did not was sympathy. When he returned again we went to see veronica â€Å"it was dark inside† this indicate death or her final moments.It was very difficult for Cooke to see veronica like that â€Å"l reached for her hand and held it† he was very uneasy â€Å"I'll get you out of here, don't worry' he wanted veronica to live where as she wanted the opposite â€Å"there is nothing left for me in this world† she has lost a lot in h er life and didn't want to live anymore. When veronica died Cooke was devastated â€Å"l gathered her up in my arms† this makes us feel humanity â€Å"l cried that night for the terrible waste† shows tragedy.There is a change in speech threw out the story between the away Cooke speaks and veronica speaks † morbidly suspicious † Cooke is very complex with the way he speaks, shows he was educated. â€Å"l can't Just leave my family' Veronica uses very simple language, this shows she was not educated symbolic language â€Å"l snapped a twig and threw it in the water† this shows he was moving on and she was staying where she was. Negative diction was used † she was dead before I reached my car† By: Maya Hunched

Common Mistakes E.g. vs. I.e. - Proofread My Paper

Common Mistakes E.g. vs. I.e. - Proofread My Paper Common Mistakes: E.g. vs. I.e. Many people treat â€Å"e.g.† and â€Å"i.e.† as interchangeable, recklessly overlooking that they’re in fact abbreviations of completely different Latin terms. You should therefore try to avoid confusing them, especially in academic or other formal writing, where even minor errors can leave a poor impression on your reader. This post looks at what â€Å"e.g.† and â€Å"i.e.† actually mean, as well as how to use them in your work. â€Å"E.g.† (exempli gratia) The abbreviation â€Å"e.g.† stands for â€Å"exempli gratia,† which literally translates as â€Å"for the sake of example† or simply â€Å"for example.† As this might suggest, we use â€Å"e.g.† when introducing an example: I am a big fan of fruit: e.g., apples, bananas and pears. There are many forms of popular music (e.g., pop, rock, soul and hip-hop). Moreover, â€Å"e.g.† is only used to introduce one or more examples of something, not a complete list of everything that falls within the category. â€Å"I.e.† (id est) The term â€Å"i.e.† is an abbreviation of the phrase â€Å"id est,† meaning â€Å"that is,† another way of saying â€Å"in other words.† As such, we should only use â€Å"i.e.† to introduce an explanation or clarification of something (not an example): I have a terrible migraine: i.e., a very severe headache. Here, the information following â€Å"i.e.† is a clarification of what a â€Å"terrible migraine† is. As well as providing additional detail, â€Å"i.e.† can also be used to explicate the members of a group or category: The Three Stooges (i.e., Moe, Larry and Curly) were most popular in the mid-twentieth century. This differs from using â€Å"e.g.† at the start of a list, as the idea is to identify all members of the group, not to introduce an example. â€Å"E.g.† or â€Å"i.e.†? Hopefully, now that you know what these abbreviations mean, you’ll have a clearer idea of how to use them. However, if you’re still unsure, heres a rule of thumb to help: E.g. starts with an â€Å"e† just like â€Å"example,† so â€Å"e.g.â€Å" is used when introducing an example I.e. starts with an â€Å"i† just like â€Å"in other words,† so â€Å"i.e.† is used when introducing a clarification

Free Essays on Justice And Civil Liberties

Justice and Civil Liberties The idea of justice and civil liberties has plagued the minds of man since the beginning of civilization. Questions such as, why aren’t we all equal, why is one race of peoples better than another, and should both sexes be equal have been on the minds of people for centuries. The ideas of equality and liberty began showing up before America was a country. Some of these issues were addressed in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, but many unsolved issues remained and still persist to this very day. Throughout the struggle for equality and justice many prominent figures arose. Two of these individuals were Susan B. Anthony and Martin Luther King Jr. Susan B. Anthony was a very strong believer in equality for all and especially in the equality between men and women. Susan B. Anthony was born in 1820 and grew up in a Quaker family with strong abolitionist beliefs. From an early age Susan fought for equal rights for women, she was an advocate of equal pa y for women teachers and coed education. She helped pass a bill in the New York legislature that gave women some control over their children and their earnings. In the 1872 presidential election Susan decided to test whether the 14th amendment of the Constitution, equal protection under the law, applied to women. She tried registering for voting and was arrested. Anther strong opponent of justice and civil liberties, particularly equality amongst African-Americans and Caucasians was Minister Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King was born in 1929 and was the leader of a nonviolent civil rights struggle. Born into a family of ministers, King became a public figure while still in his twenties when he led a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. He was frequently threatened or arrested due to his extensive leadership in sit-ins and marches in segregated southern towns and cities, particularly Birmingham, Alabama. Susan B. Antho... Free Essays on Justice And Civil Liberties Free Essays on Justice And Civil Liberties Justice and Civil Liberties The idea of justice and civil liberties has plagued the minds of man since the beginning of civilization. Questions such as, why aren’t we all equal, why is one race of peoples better than another, and should both sexes be equal have been on the minds of people for centuries. The ideas of equality and liberty began showing up before America was a country. Some of these issues were addressed in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, but many unsolved issues remained and still persist to this very day. Throughout the struggle for equality and justice many prominent figures arose. Two of these individuals were Susan B. Anthony and Martin Luther King Jr. Susan B. Anthony was a very strong believer in equality for all and especially in the equality between men and women. Susan B. Anthony was born in 1820 and grew up in a Quaker family with strong abolitionist beliefs. From an early age Susan fought for equal rights for women, she was an advocate of equal pa y for women teachers and coed education. She helped pass a bill in the New York legislature that gave women some control over their children and their earnings. In the 1872 presidential election Susan decided to test whether the 14th amendment of the Constitution, equal protection under the law, applied to women. She tried registering for voting and was arrested. Anther strong opponent of justice and civil liberties, particularly equality amongst African-Americans and Caucasians was Minister Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King was born in 1929 and was the leader of a nonviolent civil rights struggle. Born into a family of ministers, King became a public figure while still in his twenties when he led a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. He was frequently threatened or arrested due to his extensive leadership in sit-ins and marches in segregated southern towns and cities, particularly Birmingham, Alabama. Susan B. Antho...

Community Organizing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Community Organizing - Assignment Example Next, with the help of local leaders, the organizer mobilizes the public and creates awareness on the issue at hand. Once society members are full participants, social planning and social action follow (McKenzie, Neiger & Thackeray, 2012). This involves coming up with the means to carry out a project and the actual process of implementing the project. Evaluation follows to study the success of the action and make adjustments if necessary. In this step, accomplishments get acknowledgement and lessons on how to improve future mobilizations noted. The community organizations get formalization after engaging in social action. Once this happens, the last step occurs. It involves the organizer leaving and the people taking over entirely. Community organization is an empowering process and, therefore, an organizer needs to leave once to let the empowered people carry on from there. In building community support for a health intervention, the social action step is the most crucial. This is because it involves the actual implementation of the project meant to improve health systems in a society. Social action is an act of power that proves indeed social organization and empowerment

Most Effective Promotional Tools to Attract Customers Essay

Most Effective Promotional Tools to Attract Customers - Essay Example The systematic way of communicating marketing function to the target audience in order to influence their behavior towards a product and taking competitive advantage is known as promotion (Koekemoer 2004). The promotional tools are very important in industries where competition is tough and these tools helps the organizations to maintain their market share by increasing the sales volume (Perreault 2000). In leisure industry, it is very important to determine appropriate promotional tool that can help the organization to increase the customer satisfaction and increase its revenue therefore, this paper will evaluate the promotional tools that are most effective for Virgin holidays. Company Profile â€Å"Virgin holidays† is part of virgin group and this leisure company is one of the largest tour operator companies of UK, established since 1985 (Virgin 2012). Apart from USA and Caribbean, it offers holidays to different parts of the world including Middle East, South Africa, Canad a, Australia, Mauritius, and Far East. On average, the company runs 16 marketing campaigns per year in which different promotions are performed in summer, fall, and winter seasons (Virgin 2012). There are also monthly marketing campaigns in which the company, for increasing the overall revenue targets different segments (Virgin 2012). The promotional tools that Virgin Holidays is using to attract customers are Sales promotion, Advertising and Publicity. Research Objective The purpose of this research is to determine the promotional tool that is most effective to attract customers of Virgin Holiday. Research questions Q1. What types of promotional tools are most effective for attracting customers of Virgin Holidays? Q2. What is the importance of determining appropriate promotional tool for leisure industry? Significance of the Proposed Research Work The proposed research work is significantly important for the organizations of UK because this research will enable organizations to und erstand effectiveness of promotional tools in increasing their overall profitability. In this way, organizations will be able to implement appropriate promotional tools in their marketing strategy, which not only help to improve their profits, but increasing consumer loyalty for the product. In addition to the context of UK organizations, there is lack of research work for the effective of promotional tools in leisure industry. Therefore, this research will serve as important studies towards understanding the effectiveness of promotional tools. Scope of the Proposed Study The scope of this research will be limited to exploring the promotional tools used by Virgin Holidays for marketing, and their effectiveness for the company. No other factors will be explored or tested apart from these in the studies and it is important to mention here that the analysis and discussion in light of the proposed research aim will be limited to the skills and ability of the researcher. Structure of the Report This research report is divided into five chapters, which are as follows: Chapter – 01: Introduction The starting chapter of this report will discuss the background related to the topic and problems that are responsible for conducting this research. Apart from this, the chapter presents the aim, objectives and questions that will be addressed in this

NY Courts Gov Attorneys Grievance Complaint Assignment

NY Courts Gov Attorneys Grievance Complaint - Assignment Example The website is quite informative in the role of Disciplinary and Grievances Committee and the areas where one can lodge complain in case of a dispute. It gives the location of the office and the jurisdiction of those offices. This would help clients from visiting the wrong office which cannot handle their dispute case. Nevertheless, the client should be advised on the procedures detailing the time-frame which complains should be heard and the kind of cases that the committee can handle. Website 1 is best structured compared to the rest. Navigation over the website is quite easy. The information is also detailed and organized in a coherent manner whereby when one goes through the webpage, it is easier to learn what it is all about. The language used also is devoid of technical words that might lead to the clients not understanding or understanding the wrong thing. Simply put, it is easy to understand. The user-interface is also both appealing and simple thus making it

Assessment for Teacher Essay Example for Free

Assessment for Teacher Essay The primary purpose of assessment is for the learner to provide evidence of learning by demonstrating the understanding of content and achievement of learning outcomes. This gives an insight of their strengths and areas of development. Whereas for teacher, it provides a moment to review their assessment strategies in terms of effectiveness and facilitate progression by giving constructive feedback. It also informs the curriculum board, managers, and relevant staff to evaluate learning programmes for any improvements. Learners are assessed through various stages of learning journey by using variety of methods and strategies. They are usually assessed formatively before or during the course and summatively near or the end of it. Formative assessment provides a continuous source of information about students’ progress, improvement and problems encountered in the learning process. It could be an â€Å"Initial Assessment† to determine prior knowledge or â€Å"Diagnostic Assessment† to find areas of development and strengths. Feedback is an integral part of it. (NCFOT, 1999) said it â€Å"occurs when teachers feed information back to the students in ways that enable the student to learn better, or when students can engage in a similar, self-reflective process†(Principle 4). It has also been supported by several educationists such as Scales (2008 p. 179), Black and William (1998: 17) and Reece and Walker (2007 p. 325). Formative assessments are not graded which allows flexibility to modify and adjust the teaching practices and reflect the needs and progress of learners as well as motivating them. However, formative assessment in its purist form is seldom used (Brookhart, 1999). I feel that teachers should be given training to as â€Å"how† and â€Å"when† to employ it successfully. There are variety of methods by which students are assessed formatively such as Accreditation of prior learning (APL), Observation, Oral Questioning, Discussion, Role play, Case study, Essays, Projects, Assignments, MCQs etc. which when used in combination has proven effective in measuring a variety of complex learning outcomes (Reece and Walker, 2007, p. 326) It is useful for development of â€Å"Cognitive†, â€Å"Psychomotor† and â€Å"Affective Domains† of learning as explained in Bloom’s Taxonomy and could assess higher order skills of these domains. Some teachers are predominantly concerned with cognitive learning with some use of psychomotor skills but affective learning can be a useful tool in changing attitudes i. e. gender, culture etc. even if it’s not a requirement of a course. Summative Assessment happens at the end of the course, unit etc. and is for grading and decision purpose. It is used for informing employers, institutions etc. about learner’s overall performance. It does not however, give information about detailed abilities of learner and there is no feedback so it is debated for its complete reliability and validity. (Scales, 2008 and Rust, 2002). Learners are assessed summatively mostly by Examination, Assignments, Portfolios, and Essays. They develop the skill levels of ‘cognitive and psychomotor domains’ depending on how effectively they are set out and the type of course. ‘MCQs’ and ‘Viva’ for instance can provide better coverage of syllabus as well as assessment of deeper knowledge whereas essays does not serve the same purpose but assess higher levels of cognitive domain i. e. synthesis and evaluation. Feedback is an important element of assessment and is directly related to motivation. In order to accelerate learning process it has to be timely, positive and constructive. â€Å"Maslow’s hierarchy makes us think about the total experience.. From physiological factors. to relationships (do we give positive regard and development feedback? ) to self-esteem needs (‘I’m no good ’), his hierarchy provides a useful device to help us understand learning and motivation(Scales, 2008 p. 72). We need to keep records to track and monitor the progress of our learners. They are many different types of internal, external and formal and informal records. Internal records include mark books, matrix, learner progress sheets/ reviews and results of mock tests. In ESOL, we keep records of Initial interview, Initial assessment, spiky profile, ILPs, Diagnostic assessment, Formative assessment, observation reports, feedback reports, peer/self assessments and Summative assessments to assess the progress of learners and efficacy of programme and teaching. The external records include all the evidence in form of written work or internal verification to sent to external bodies i. e. exam board, auditing bodies, other educational organisations, support staff, etc.

Dreams :: essays research papers

Dreams "I don't use drugs, my dreams are frightening enough." (Escher) Why do we dream? Are they instructions from the spiritual world or just deep, hidden wishes that can be used to unlock the secrets of the unconscious mind? Nobody knows for sure. One theory that is prevalent today is that dreams result from the physiological "exercise" of the synapses of the brain. There is no proven fact on why we dream, which is why there are so many theories on the topic. There is Freud's theory that dreams carry our hidden desires and Jung’s theory that dreams carry meaning, although not always of desire, and that the dreamer can interpret these dreams. After these theories, others continued such as the Cayce theory in that dreams are our bodies means of building up of the mental, spiritual and physical well being. Finally came the argument between Evans' theory and the Crick and Mitchinson theory. Evans states that dreaming is our bodies way of storing the vast array of in formation gained during the day, whereas Crick and Mitchinson say that this information is being dumped rather than stored. Whichever theory is true, we may never know, but from these following theories we can decide for ourselves what we believe to be true and further help us into understanding our dreams. My own personal theory on why we dream is that the subconscious mind is always working. This results in dreams. The subconscious mind in an attempt to file away all of the information from the previous day results in dreams. A dream in my opinion is nothing more than a chemical reaction in the brain. In laboratory tests, when people were awaked during the RAPID EYE MOVEMENT (REM) stage of sleep and asked to report what was on their mind just before awaking, about 90% reported an experience termed TRUE DREAM. When a true dream is experienced is seems as if it were an actual event rather than one thought or imagined. True dreams often involve a series of such experiences woven together in a somewhat bizarre story. Even those people who claimed to rarely dream or only remember fragments of dreams in the mornings were able to give detailed accounts of a true dream experience when awakened during REM sleep. Those who were awakened during SLOW-WAVE sleep (the deeper, less mentally active s tages of sleep) reported mental activity in only about 60% of cases.

What impression do we get of the community from the descriptions Guterson provides in the opening chapters. Louise Burrow

We can see from the first page of Snow Falling on Cedars that Guterson is a very detailed author who tends to look into objects and people in depth. This style of writing is particularly useful when trying to determine what kind of people are living in the San Piedro, and the kind of lives they are living and also their reactions towards other people. Throughout this essay I am going to look in detail at the descriptions of Guterson and how his descriptions shape the characters and the atmosphere of the isolated island. Guterson starts his novel with a very detailed analysis of the ‘accused man' Kabuo Miyamoto and the court room which he is placed in at the beginning of the novel. This automatically gives the reader no chance of opinion as this character is, from the start, refused an identity by Guterson. This also gives us an idea of the opinions and views of the people who will be sitting in the public gallery. Kabuo is described by Guterson has a very withdrawn and subdued character, who is seen as having something to hide because of the way he is placed into the novel and courtroom; â€Å"Some in the gallery would later say that his stillness suggested a disdain for the proceedings; others felt certain it veiled a fear of the verdict that was to come.† Although we have not yet been told what Kabuo has done, Guterson automatically places a sense of distrust and dislike against Kabuo for the action in which he has supposedly committed. Guterson then begins to describe the atmosphere of the courtroom and of how people react to important incidents which don't occur in an isolated island such as San Piedro. He explains that a situation like this is so irregular people don't even have suitable attire except for the outfits they wear to church on a Sunday. He describes the courtroom as being run down and simple, which can also be associated with the community of San Piedro as both are of a miserable nature and only consist of the necessities. Guterson explains the jurors to be people who are increasingly uncomfortable as they are out of the situations and surroundings which they are used to; â€Å"The jurors sat with studiously impassive faces as they strained to make sense of matters. The men – two truck farmers, a retired crapper, a bookkeeper, a boat builder, a grocer, and a halibut schooner deckhand – were all dressed in coats and neckties.† Guterson is trying to show that not one of the people on the jury are in a comfortable situation and are all seen as being nervous. We are shown throughout the novel the way in which the people of San Piedro react to people are outsiders o foreigners to the people who live on the small island, we can see that the islanders feel very uncomfortable towards people who they don't know or who are from another country. The first incidence we see this is aimed at the reporters who are placed next to the radiators giving out sweltering heat, so we then see that the islanders are intentionally trying to make the outsiders feel very uncomfortable throughout their stay on San Piedro island. But we can see through Guterson's immense detail to the background and the residents of San Piedro that they are relatively hypocritical in their views. Firstly Guterson explains the background of the island and the nature of the people who lived their and their reaction to foreigners coming ashore. We can see that the opinions of the past and present residents of San Piedro are very similar, as they all felt and feel very strongly about outcasts and foreigners. But as Guterson continues his description we are shown that a very large majority of the people are not initially from San Piedro; â€Å"Larsen's Pharmacy, a dime-store-with-fountain owned by a woman in Seattle, a Puget Power office, a chandlery, Lottie Opsvig's apparel shop, Klaus Hartmann's real estate agency, the San Piedro Cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, the Amity Harbor Restaurant, and a battered, run-down filling station owned and operated by the Togerson brothers.† This shows that the people of Amity Harbor are extremely hypocritical because they choose who they treat as outcasts and ho they decide to give American citizenship to. There maybe two ways of deciding why they choose to treat differently firstly people who look physically different from themselves, for instance eyes is seen as important feature throughout the novel as the Japanese as the San Piedro citizens distinguish them as being different because their eyes are slanted unlike theirs. Also people who have the same origin as people who have attempted to destroy the people of San Piedro, for instance, the Japanese and the attack of Pearl Harbour during World War II. On the contrary they should also hold the same feelings for Carl Heine as he is German, and his Country also have a background of misery towards the people of the island as they would of fought against the Germans during World War I. This is not true as we can see through the novel as Guterson shows Carl Heine as very r espected and valued citizen of Amity Harbor. Pathetic Fallacy is seen throughout the first few chapters as Guterson describes in extreme detail, but we are also able to see the clever way which Guterson uses these details to also show the comparisons of weather and the opinions and feelings of people on the island. The majority of the time the weather on the island is very bleak and damp, throughout the novel you can see that the weather places a huge part of the activities of the people as they are restricted by the weather. Also the inhabitants of Amity Harbor are subdued and submissive to each other, as not many are seen to make an effort towards being friendly with other people on the island. This may be due to the fact that the majority of the people that live on the island make a living through fishing, this means that they will then be used to spending a lot of the time on their own, in pretty much silence for a lot of the time. There is a rational explanation for the dismissive and subdued relationships of the people of Amity Harbor, we can see through the beginning chapters that a substantial proportion of the men of San Piedro fought in the World War II. We can see through the emotions of the past soldiers that they haunted by their memories of the war, this then caused them to stop taking things for granted; to respect people and to feel privileged for what they have got and for what they have achieved; â€Å"His cynicism – a veteran's cynicism – was a thing that disturbed him all the time. It seemed to him after the war that the world was thoroughly altered. It was not even a thing you could explain to anybody, why it was that everything was folly.† Three of the main characters of the novel have all been seriously affected by the effects of war, which you can see is either used against the character or they are treated like a hero. For instance Kabuo Miyamoto was affected by the war just as much as Ishmael Chambers and Carl Heine, but only Carl Heine out of the three is treated like a war hero rather than an outsider. Ishmael Chambers is treated like an outcast because he has had his arm amputated and Kabuo Miyamoto was treated like an outcast from the outset because of his background. The community of San Piedro has no respect for all the veterans of the war as all three of the people served in World War II, but only one of the men were actually fully respected for their service. This is useful to determine the real feelings and racism of the people of San Piedro and also no-one can determine whether or not anyone is a treated like a true citizen of Amity Harbor, as Ishmael is treated as an outsider because of a loss of limb ev en though he is an American Citizen. In conclusion we can see that from Guterson's descriptions the people of San Piedro are hypocritical who are very racist towards outsiders and foreigners. We can see from past and present that this racism has always been there, the majority of the people of this isolated island feel this way. On the other hand most citizens are very subdued and appear to be very silent and private, as most live a life associating with little people and spending a lot of time on their own fishing for their families.

Literature of the Western World Essay

Fray Luis De Leon’s use of the good shepherd motif in At the Ascension (Wilkie & Hurt, 2001) is a wholly unexpected one.   Hearing the phrase or title ‘the good shepherd’ clearly fills one with expectation that the word good in it means good of action.   In other words, a reader encountering this phrase would assume that the shepherd is good because of the work that he does.   For example, a shepherd who carefully rounds up his sheep would be a good shepherd, while one who loses his sheep would be a bad shepherd. This is in opposition to ‘good’ referring to a quality of character.   In this fashion, good is a description of what a person is, not what a person does.   This is apart from action.   It is this latter understanding that is what De Leon leaves us with.   He writes â€Å"Holy Shepherd, dost thou leave thy flock in this valley profound and obscure, to dwell with solitude and grieve, while piercing through the heavens pure, thou risest to immortality secure?† (p. 2217).   This is certainly not the typical use of the metaphor in religious literature. For a more conventional, religious interpretation of the shepherd, consider this oft quoted poem from Lope de Vega entitled The Good Shepherd (Walsh, 1920).   In it he writes, â€Å"Shepherd! Who with thine amorous sylvan song, hast broken the slumber that encompassed me, who mad’st thy crook from the accursed tree, on which thy powerful arms were stretched so long!   Lead me to mercy’s ever-flowing fountains; for thou my shepherd, guard and guide shall be.† This image from de Vega is in complete opposition to the use of the form by de Leon.   It represents, again, a more typical usage of shepherd in a religious context, and is used to demonstrate unconditional, usually sacrificial love for others, as in de Vega.   De Leon, though, turns that motif around, blaming the shepherd for not being all the things that our expectations demand. St. John of the Cross, in his poem I Entered Where I Did Not Know would seem, at least at first glance/first read, to be a substantial paradox.   Certainly to the secular reader, it must be such.   It is a poem that explores such seemingly contradictory thoughts such as, â€Å"Unknowing where I was, I learned unheard of things, but what I heard I cannot say, for I remained unknowing, all reason now transcended† (Wilkie & Hurt, 2001, p. 2220).    Using the words ‘learned’ and ‘unknowing’ in the same few lines does not just transcend reason, but transcends every expectation but contradiction.   This, as I stated, though, is the view of the secular reader.   The paradox is unraveled and the mystery revealed when read through the lens of the religious observer who is accustomed to this type of usage of the limitations of humanity.   St. John clearly is talking of two realms here, the physical (mortal) and the spiritual (eternal).   Knowledge that the self possesses, he is intimating through this poem, is only the knowledge of the physical world that we have.   In that area of understanding, we have our version of knowledge – what he calls ‘knowing’. However, when attempting to grasp the reality of the spiritual world, our knowledge that we possess about the physical world is absolutely useless to us.   Our very own reason (i.e. our mind) cannot even begin to understand what it sees of the spirit world.   It remains outside of our comprehension, and our ability to gain knowledge of.   Even when we stand in its presence, we are left unknowing. Lupercio Leonardo de Argensola’s poem beginning, â€Å"First I must confess, Don Juan,† is most certainly a serious, though clever, observation about appearance and truth.   It reads in a whimsical sort of fashion, and is almost too witty for its own good.   Because of its non subtle imagination, and condescending language, the poem is often misunderstood.   The reader is apt to rush to judgment.   Far from being just a playful conceit, however, it contains much deeper meaning. Lines such as, â€Å"†¦Dona Elvira’s pink and white, if truly seen, owe to her no more than what they cost to buy,† (Wilkie & Hurt, 2001, p. 2239) indicate such a lack of value of internal beauty (and perhaps external beauty, for that matter) within Dona Elvira that the reader almost must laugh at the pointed jest.   But this is serious.   Considering how Argensola treats this appearance of the lady, this is plain to see.   He attributes her with ‘false beauty’ and ‘deceit’, and then goes on to explain that he is swayed by it.   It is clear that he finds this trait of hers to be contrary to truth and is merely appearance. If the poet did not find these issues to be important, then he would have just stated the appearance of the deceit, and been done with it.   Since he adds commentary, however, by going on to talk about its influence on him (and presumably all men), a serious tone is affected.   It is similar, then, to Campion’s Amaryllis in I Care Not for These Ladies (Campion).   Campion declares of the country maid that her natural beauty disdains art and that her beauty is actually her own.   In other words, this is the same question that Argensola raises, the same test he puts to the woman in his poem.   Does she have internal beauty, that of truth without falsehood? This is the true beauty of internal integrity.   Or is she just a painted lady, who practices deceit with her very face?   These are serious questions about not only appearance, but also of truth, and both Argensola and Campion express the same judgment in the end.   These are not mere plays on words, but deeper exercises into human behavior. Sor Juana’s verses regarding men’s choices and their consequences shows her craft at its very best (Wilkie & Hurt, 2001).   As has been noted, it is the choice of her weapon – reason – that made her and still makes her one of the top anti-misogynists of all time.   Her lack of flowery wording and coy assumptions and directions lend to the power of her poems. She remains fully a poet, while also assuming a full role of sociologist.   Had she been purely focused on the direct attack, a non-rational set of accusations, her legacy would have been much different.   She knew and understood that the direct attack through poetry or other works of literature have been long derided as pure emotionalism, a weakness men attribute to women.   Therefore, Sor Juana did turn to logic and rationale.   Ironically, these have long been promoted by men to be men’s tools. Her use of paradoxes to dismiss men’s treatment of women is astounding and successful.   Her words are sharp.   She raises issues in a back and forth style, point for point, in which paradoxes are found, such as men stating that they will batter a woman down emotionally, but be upset when they show emotions. Or courting a woman and then declaring her to be open and lewd when she accepts.   These paradoxes are enough for anyone – feminist or non feminist – to be able to understand that, as Sor Juana would say, â€Å"For plain default of common sense, could any action be so queer as oneself to cloud the mirror, then complain that it’s not clear?† (p. 2263). Machiavellian behavior is that of cunning and duplicity.   This type of overt behavior is easily found in Shakespeare’s The Tempest (Wilkie & Hurt, 2001).   However, it is a tempered, double edged sword.   It is too easy, nearly tempting, to assign pro- and anti-Machiavellian behavior within the play specifically to separate characters. What is intriguing is the argument for and against within the same character.   Consider Prospero.   He is full of cunning and guile.   While outwardly extending a hand of friendship as Prince, he acts to destroy behind the scenes simultaneously.   He takes advantage of his mystical powers to control the situation from well beyond the reach of others.   In those ways, he is an easy to find villain.   Particularly, his sheer cunning and duplicitous grabs at power can be expressed as being Machiavellian. But what of the other side of things?   Is there a different aspect by which Prospero can be observed?   Is he to be excused?   And if so, don’t we have to dismiss the Machiavellian notion? It is true that the play opens with his exile.   It appears true that his exile was a wrong done to him by Alonso.   Therefore all of his actions and behaviors through the play could be seen as rightful revenge.   And if this is true, wouldn’t his character be forgiven, and his motivations just?   Finally, in this way, would not Prospero be seen, himself, as actually anti-Machiavellian because he is driven by rightful justice?   This is the interesting question.   It begs us to look deeper into characters before blindly agreeing with popular literary criticism. References Campion, T. I Care Not For These Ladies. Poetry Foundation. Retrieved May 27, 2010 < http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poem.html?id=181014> Walsh, T. (Ed.). (1920). Hispanic Anthology: Poems Translated from the Spanish by English and North American Poets. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons. Wilkie, B., & Hurt, J. (Ed.). (2001). Literature of the Western World vol.1: The Ancient World Through the Renaissance, 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.